Guest environment (audit QEMU/KVM target, 2026-09-23):

DragonFly dfbsd 6.5-DEVELOPMENT DragonFly 6.5-DEVELOPMENT #0: Thu Jul  2 06:02:54 UTC 2026
    root@dfbsd:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/X86_64_GENERIC  x86_64

Atheros hardware:
  pciconf -l | grep -iE "ath|168c"  ->  (empty) NO_ATH_NIC
  -> ar5211 HAL cannot be instantiated at runtime on this guest.

AMD GPU hardware:
  pciconf -l | grep -iE "1002|vga|display" ->
    vgapci0@pci0:0:2:0:  class=0x030000 card=0x11001af4 chip=0x11111234 rev=0x02
  (Red Hat virtio-gpu 1af4:1234 — NOT an AMD GPU)
  -> amdgpu never probes/binds; amdgpu_irq machinery inert at runtime.

HALASSERT compiled out:
  grep -c AH_ASSERT /usr/src/sys/config/X86_64_GENERIC  -> 0
  (option exists only in LINT* config: sys/conf/options:549 AH_ASSERT opt_ah.h)

Loaded modules:
  kldstat | grep -iE "ath|amdgpu|drm"  ->  none loaded