DF-2913 / sourcenote.txt
Line-accurate confirmation of the COW store protocol gap (the race window itself is two instructions wide under preemption - not triggerable with any reliability, per the Info/speculative filing): sys/kern/kern_plimit.c:98-104 readplimits loads p->p_limit under spin_lock_shared(&p->p_spin) then increments p_refcnt in a separate atomic instruction sys/kern/kern_plimit.c:193 (plimit_lwp_fork) and :225-226 region (plimit_modify) store the new p->p_limit WITHOUT p_spin - the spinlock serializes readers against each other, not against the writer Cross-process reader schedcpu (kern_synch.c:308 -> plimit_testcpulimit -> readplimits) can race a single-threaded target COW swap: if all other references drained between the load and the increment, the increment lands on freed memory. CPU-limit kill-overflow sibling candidate was FALSIFIED live (see existing pack contents: SIGXCPU + survival correct, unsigned predicate in shipped disassembly).